Archives for category: The Libertarian Standard

Some people in society will always be bullies, tricksters, frauds, and terrorists.

The classical theory of the state has it that government is instituted to protect good citizens from the depredations of the Bully and Trickster class, and is made up of fine, upstanding leaders — heroes all! — in pursuit of this noble aim.

The Trick-or-Treat, or Halloween, Theory of the State has it that the state is made up of those bullies, tricksters, frauds and terrorists. By organizing into politically governing bodies, and accepting our bribes (taxes, not candy), their behavior becomes less obviously anti-social than otherwise (as is the case with tricksters participating in Halloween’s “trick-or-treats” tradition). The big conceit is that it is good and noble people who work for the state, get money from the taxpayers, and push us around, etc.

The comparatively minor conceit can be found in a certain core group of activities in which the members of the Bully and Trickster class police their own, taking away a fraction of the worst offenders — but mainly the ones who bully and trick independently, who won’t “play along.” This secondary function apes the classic theory of the state, as children mimic devils at Halloween. Serious protection rarely emerges.

Unfortunately, because Trick-or-Treating, er, politics, is made so fun, the rites of democracy and statesmanship so charming, and the rewards so enticing, a lot more people get caught up in the activity than would have otherwise done so. As in Halloween, we wind up with more people spending more money on candy (taxes) than the total loss would be from the straightforward damage done by tricksters acting randomly, unorganized.

The Halloween Theory of the State thus explains both the origin of the state and the growth of the state. This cannot be said of classic theories, such as State-of-Nature contractarianism, which are utopian and deludedly romantic in character.

The Halloween Theory can be extrapolated beyond the mere sketch provided here. The chief problem with it is that the title’s holiday/festive parallel suggests understatement. Children begging for candy are harmless. Mostly.

The state is not.

twv, October 31, 2010

The Libertarian Standard

The debate over whether “capitalism” should be used by libertarians and other supporters of free markets waxes rather than wanes. Last week,* Sheldon Richman published “Is Capitalism Something Good?” on Freeman Online. And I can see why Stephan Kinsella calls this an “extremely frustrating” debate. We never get very far.

My favorite of Richman’s points is lexical:

At the semantic level, capitalism is an unfortunate word when applied to the free market. It suggests a privileged status for capital over other factors of production, which is not the case in a free market. A capitalist is not a believer in capitalism but rather an owner of capital. One can be a socialist capitalist, that is, one who owns capital while favoring a system called socialism.

In my younger days of argumentation, people would sometimes accuse me of being a capitalist. Well, in those younger days I was broke. I had no savings. I had nothing to invest, and invested in nothing but my own mind. So I would correct them: “Hey, I’m near the poverty line. No enjoy-capitalismcapitalists down here! Besides, I support laissez-faire because it regulates businesses: It enforces a rule of law that disallows businesses from demanding I pay for their goods if I don’t want their goods, or pay more than I would under competition, which laissez faire also enforces. I am not a capitalist, because I insist that we keep capitalists in their place.”

This is the basic truth about the word: A “capitalist” was first known not as a defender of any system, but as one who had money to invest, or investments that returned money. It is logically odd, then, to use the word “capitalism” to identify a system whose supporters  could very well be not capitalists!

I’m not quite in the same place as I was in those days, and don’t take that rhetorical tack as often. I have a long history of being leery of the word. I cannot remember Herbert Spencer, whose general approach I admire, making a pitch for “capitalism” as a system. (His witty acquaintance Henry Makepeace Thackeray first used that term in this fashion. He was no anti-capitalist, but he was an ironist, and I won’t wager on what the precise meaning of his intent.) But Ayn Rand, notoriously, did. She published a book under her name entitled Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal. When Spencer and Rand appear at odds, I long ago learned to side with Spencer.

But there are some things to be said in favor of “capitalism.” For one, it is known. It is less cumbersome than, say, “free enterprise,” a phrase that traditionalists conservatives have abused for years, as a synonym for the Main Street variety of crony capitalism.

I recently argued** for an open, inclusive use of the term capitalism. Capitalism describes any system with private means of production and a labor market. Existing forms of capitalism are, in most every case, dirigistic — that is, subject to multiple and dominating government controls. But the less government direct, micromanaging control you have, and the more the whole system rests upon a rule of law, the more it exhibits the libertarian ideal of laissez faire. Yes, another French term . . . but it’s a lot better known than dirigisme.

The sad truth of the situation is that dirigisme is the letter and spirit of modern law far more than laissez faire is.

So we can continue to use the term “capitalism” as long as we are clear about its modifier, dirigistic or laissez-faire.

However, let’s be frank: All terms have been contested and are therefore contestable. Every term has its problems of connotation as well denotation. “Laissez Faire” suffered under Herbert Spencer’s able attack as “That Miserable Laissez Faire.” We all know what’s happened to “liberalism.” And “Libertarianism” has been caught in a tug-of-war between, uh, pro-capitalists and anti-capitalists for a long time.

Such it is in ideological debate — and yes, every one of us who espouses some policy or some regime or another is an ideologue. None of us are above that (despite Marx’s attempt to squelch the term low in the echelon of epistemics).

For the same reason, we must use the words in circulation, no matter how tainted they may be. We have only a limited ability to influence their meaning. The meanings are “out there,” in the realm of intersubjectivity, if not objectivity, where truth is said to reside.

So, the term “capitalism” is not one that I’d fight much over. “Liberal,” on the other hand, is a great term to defend. I like to call modern so-called liberals by a much more apt term: Prodigal.

But most people don’t know what that means, either. And that’s mainly because most people are sloppy users of language who can write whole sermons on a contested word without once looking it up.

A prodigal is someone who spends too much, too extravagantly. Prodigality is the excess of which “liberality” is the virtue. Which fits an observation of Leonard Read’s from about the time I was born: A liberal, today, is liberal only in the sense that he’s liberal in spending other people’s money. Similarly, a progressive, today, notoriously believes in no form of progress other than the growth of the state.

It’s the prodigal advocates of dirigisme that we must oppose, today. I’m not sure giving them the word capitalism is the way to wrest victory from their rapacious desire to take, take, take from the liberalism of yore.

In fact, there’s not much I’d give them. Not even their pretense to good intentions.

But, if we do end up defending the word “capitalism” now and then, let’s not univocally ever defend capitalists, as such. Not any more than we defend wage laborers or entrepreneurs or professionals. Any person from any group, no matter how good, can stray to the point of demanding special favors from governments, bailouts and subsidies and the like. Besides, I’ve known a number of asshole capitalists, not a few who did not bother placing themselves above the practice of petty fraud as modus operandi. Shun them, even if (insofar as they cannot be caught in their frauds) one grants them their rights to trade and, in general, live their asshole lives.

Now that I think of it, one could generally hate capitalists, but love the system.*** Laissez faire is a form of regulation, a check upon business power. The rule of law, in which rights to liberty receive general protection, is an amazing defense against rapaciousness. Indeed, that’s probably the reason why most people oppose it. They want to act rapaciously while pretending to act nobly.

Ah, anti-capitalist capitalism! Not, I gather, a great motive force for progress or political reform or revolution. But there’s a t-shirt slogan in there somewhere.

twv

* This article first appeared on The Libertarian Standard on April 20, 2010. A very few words have been changed or elided in this reprint, and one new link placed.

** This “recent” argument was reprinted yesterday at this location.

*** The sheer number of possibile takes on “capitalism” is the result of a general confusion over the meaning of the word, Daniel Kian Mc Kiernan explained a year after I wrote the above. I will have to address his points in a future essay. One of the reasons to unearth and repost these blog entries is to provide an excuse to consider Mc Kiernan’s perspective.

…reposting from The Libertarian Standard, May 13, 2010:

A schoolmate of mine, a Christian conservative, once insisted that the reason our public school teachers informed us about Eskimos leaving their aged on the ice to die was to prepare the way for doing something similar to our oldsters.

That seemed like quite large dose of paranoia, to me. After all, also in public school we learned that Aztecs cut the hearts out of those they sacrificed to their gods. The pyramid steps of Teotihuacan ran red with blood. We were told this, I thought, because it was true. Could there have been an organ harvesting agenda behind the history lesson?

Seemed unlikely.

Before asserting a major conspiracy, it strikes me as worth addressing, openly, all aspects of the problem that might give birth to such concerns. Was euthanasia of the elderly in the future? Probably only when I get old, I thought, darkly. But seriously, why would it be considered?

Because of the expense, of course.

But whose expense?

This is lightly touched on in Thomas Sowell’s recent column, “A ‘Duty to Die’?”

This is how Sowell begins:

One of the many fashionable notions that have caught on among some of the intelligentsia is that old people have “a duty to die,” rather than become a burden to others.

This is more than just an idea discussed around a seminar table. Already the government-run medical system in Britain is restricting what medications or treatments it will authorize for the elderly. Moreover, it seems almost certain that similar attempts to contain runaway costs will lead to similar policies when American medical care is taken over by the government.

Sowell then goes on to regale the reader with the heart-warming tale of his “Aunt Nance Ann,” who, penniless, moved from relative to relative in the days of his youth, without ever once being left on an ice floe.

Poor as we were, I never heard anybody say, or even intimate, that Aunt Nance Ann had “a duty to die.”

Sowell goes on to say that he only heard such talk years later, “from highly educated people in an affluent age, when even most families living below the official poverty level owned a car or truck and had air-conditioning.”

Sowell ends his column on a moralistic note, and though it is not completely out of whack with my sentiments, there is something missing in his analysis. Something important. What could it be?

Sowell is an economist, so it may come as some surprise to his readers to realize that what Sowell does not venture on the topic is any economic insight whatsoever. He makes a historical comparison but without drawing on the relevant forces at work.

Something has changed since the time of his poor Aunt Nance Ann. Expenses of medical care have gone up — way, way up — and the expectation that every person must be given the limit of medical care possible is now a dominant, almost unshakeable notion.

And, surprise surprise, government intervention is largely responsible for both developments.

The institutions of the state have taken over paying for medical care for oldsters, since the inception of Medicare in the ’60s. This apparently “free good” (little or no cost at “time of purchase”) has increased the demand for medical services, and with this increased demand costs have risen. None of this is shocking to an economist. But you might think it worth mentioning in a situation where costs must be borne.

When the Aunt Nances of yesteryear experienced, say, a failing kidney, and expensive treatment was briefly mentioned, how many relatives pooled their resources together to get that $10,000 treatment, considering that she was due to die “any year now anyways”? In the house I grew up in, two sets of great grandparents expired in the bed downstairs. A number of years ago, my mother died not in that same bedroom, but in the hospital. Why? Because she was on Medicare, and it was just a natural thing to do to send her to the hospital. The price tag for her last week of life was many thousands. (I’ve blocked the exact figure out of my mind. I remember writing out one check in installment payment for my father to sign, and then his never receiving another bill. This is how many huge medical expenses are handled in America: By writing them off, without ever even seeking legal recourse.)

The issue is not a “duty to die.” The issue is the keeping of failing people alive at gargantuan expense. Withholding major expenditures from one’s relatives was treated as a matter of course when economist Tom Sowell was a child. Nowadays, granting major expenditures without thinking of the costs is the matter of course.

In the old days, if you didn’t have money, you didn’t demand the expensive services. Nowadays, people without money are routinely given services without talking much about expenses.

But the system cannot just go on having hospitals eating costs (“writing them off”) and the government writing blank checks (“Medicare” and similar programs). Somehow services purchased must be paid for.

No one seems to want to confront this as a major problem. The people talking about a “duty to die” (I’ve actually never heard an intellectual really and honestly advocate such a duty, by the way) are at least confronting an economic issue. Thomas Sowell is not.

I’m sure he does elsewhere . . . for Thomas Sowell is an honest man.

But still, this column of his bugs me. It makes cheap moralistic points while ignoring huge swaths of reality.

It also neglects to place the blame for the development of the current situation squarely where it lies: at government, and political demands for same. Worse yet, it plays into people’s idiotic expectations of freebie care. We hate intrusive government! said in the same breath as Politicians are taking away our Medicare!

Ridiculous brain-dead Republicanism at its worst. And Sowell seems to be fanning the flames.

Innocent people should not be foisted with “a duty to die.” The right to life means, for adults, a right to liberty, which protects them from people with knives who wish to take away their lives.

But, to balance the point, this right to liberty prevents one from claiming the wealth of others to keep one’s life going. If one hasn’t prepared (by savings or insurance or a combination of both) to pay for future needs — for, say, end-of-life medical maintenance — then maybe you have a duty not to demand services. At most you may beg. Others may offer, but a beggar wouldn’t want to stretch the budgets of his or her benefactors.

Trouble is, this looks an awful lot like the duty to die that Sowell excoriates. But this sense of duty-not-to-ask-too-much was a given, an understood notion before Medicare. And because medical care was so primitive then — and the expectation that the service provided to millionaires would not be offered to aging people two steps up from mendicant — kept this moral sense just below the surface, just below the gaze of young Tommy Sowell’s attention.

But we’re adults here, right? Today, the live question is this: Is there any chance this ethos can be reinstated in a society that now demands everything but liberty and responsibility?

Not if thinkers like Sowell won’t confront it, and continue to feed the frenzy of those who still refuse to face reality.

twv